Circular Permutation Calculator

Calculate the number of ways to arrange items in a circle (circular permutation).

Circular Arrangements24

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What is a Circular Permutation?

When arranging items in a straight line, there are n! ways. However, when arranging them in a circle (like people around a table), rotating the entire circle doesn't create a "new" arrangement.

The Formula

To account for the rotational symmetry, we fix one item in place. This leaves n-1 items to be arranged. Therefore, the formula is (n - 1)!.