Circular Permutation Calculator
Calculate the number of ways to arrange items in a circle (circular permutation).
What is a Circular Permutation?
When arranging items in a straight line, there are n! ways. However, when arranging them in a circle (like people around a table), rotating the entire circle doesn't create a "new" arrangement.
The Formula
To account for the rotational symmetry, we fix one item in place. This leaves n-1 items to be arranged. Therefore, the formula is (n - 1)!.
Disclaimer: This calculator is for educational and learning purposes only. While we strive for accuracy, calculations are provided "as-is" without warranty. The accuracy of results depends on the accuracy of input data provided. Always verify important calculations independently. For critical applications or when accuracy is essential, consult with appropriate professionals or use verified reference sources. Educational calculators may contain rounding or approximations.